Essay on The Fear of Fat Criterion Within the DSM IV

As our society is bombarded with the images of manufactured beauty and â€Å"thinness†, conversations increasingly center on dieting and body dissatisfaction. The media advertises weight loss products in the form of pills, drinks, surgery, fitness equipment and support groups to mold individuals into the proposed ideal form. This evidence alone suggests a strong case for the possibility of a pathological fear of fat. Is this fear, however, the driving force behind all cases of anorexia nervosa and bulimia? According to the DSM IV, the fear of gaining weight is essential for these diagnoses to be made. Strong arguments have been made both in favor and against modifying the existing criteria to allow for the diagnosis and†¦show more content†¦To observe the impact of culture on attitudes towards eating and perception of body shape, Lake, Staiger and Glowinski (1999) conducted a study using 140 female students from 2 Australian universities. The students were divid ed into 2 groups – those who were born in Australia (98) and those who were born in Hong Kong (42). The Students born in Hong Kong were further divided into 2 groups – a weak Chinese ethnic identity group (Western acculturized) and a strong Chinese ethnic identity group (Traditional) using the Ethnic Identity Scale (EIS). All subjects were given the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), a commonly used and well-validated measure (Garner et. al 1979; Garner et. al 1982), to assess attitudes towards eating. The Figure Rating Scale (FRS), used in similar research due to its high test-retest reliability (Thompson et. al, 1991), was used to determine perception of body shape. The scores from these tests were then compared with the subjects’ cultural orientation. The results showed significantly higher scores on the EAT (indicating more negative attitudes toward eating) in the traditional Hong Kong born subjects than that of their acculturized counterparts, while the acculturized Hong Kong born subjects’ scores were significantly lower than those of the Australian born subjects. In other words, between groups (Hong Kong born v. Australian born) there was no significant difference, butShow MoreRelatedEating Disorder : Anorexia Nervosa1622 Words   |  7 Pagesmust meet certain criteria. The criterion for diagnosis slightly varies depending on if you are referring to people who (A) fear gaining weight, and have significant weight loss,(B) eating a huge amount of food , then use laxative to remove the binged food, (C) the use of excessive exercise and fasting in order to remove or to reduce the amount of calories consumed, and (D) distorted body image, no matter how thin they become, they still see themselves as fat, or not thin enough. The onset ofRead MoreBackground History of Anorexia Nervosa1452 Words   |  6 PagesMental Disorders DSM-I, characterized by restricting on food intake even they are starving, always have a false appearance of their body shape although extremely thin (Kazdin, 2000). The latest Eating Disorder Diagnostic Criteria from DSM 5 has revised from DSM IV-TR in 2013. The important changes in the Criterion A part to be at a refusal to maintain at a â€Å"significantly low body weight† instead of the broad term â€Å"body weight less than 85% of that expected. Moreover, the Criterion in B had expandedRead MoreEating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa1653 Words   |  7 Pagesand physical health. According to American Psychiatric Publishing of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa, often times have an early-onset which primarily affects adolescent girls and young women, is characterized by distorted body image and excessive dieting that leads to severe weight loss with a pathological fear of becoming fat† (APA). Anorexia is a condition more common amongst younger patients that causes a disruption in the normal growth process,Read MoreAnorexia And Anorexia Are Often Confused Amongst Humans1956 Words   |  8 Pageswho are anorexic may just have a fear to eat based on their body figures. However, many confuse the two due to the similar meanings of body weight. This paper will analyze observations from different research studies that show’s various treatment outcomes, symptoms, behavioral interventions and causations for adolescent patients who have experienced bulimia and anorexia throughout the course of their life. Being bulimic and anorexic has many complications within adolescents and adults. As far asRead MorePsy 410 Week 2 and 3 Matrix of Disorders7746 Words   |  31 PagesAnxiety, Mood, and Dissociative Disorder Matrix Abnormal Psychology Disorders | DSM-IV-TR Criteria | Examination of Classifications and Symptoms | A. Anxiety Disorders: | | | 1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | A. Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) about two (or more) domains of activities or events (for example, domains like family, health, finances, and school/work difficulties)B. The excessive anxiety and worry occur on more days than not for three months or more

A Bilingual Journey From Two Different Cultures - 988 Words

A bilingual journey from two different cultures, Amy Tan and Richard Rodriguez recounts their joys and pains of growing up in an english speaking country. An American born Chinese, Tan was born to immigrant parents from China, while Rodriguez hails from a spanish American-Mexican background, and just like Tan, was also born and raised in the United States. Although both writers grew up in native speaking homes, each varied in terms of parental influence on their second language. On similarities, not only are both writers English majors, they are also considered to be successful in their respective writing careers. Tan is an English major graduate with a masters in Linguistics. Along with the rest of Tan’s bestselling writings is her first novel the â€Å"Joy Luck Club† which was made into a movie. A writer, lecturer and editor for major newspapers and other world known press, the same literacy success story applies to Rodriguez who had earned his BA in English in prestigious Stanford University. Tan’s essay on Mother Tongue depicts a story of a daughter who grew up learning different type of â€Å"Englishes† (510). The latter described as the kind of English wherein one may regard as â€Å"simple†, yet she fondly refers to as her â€Å"Mother’s English.† In addition to those Englishes is the â€Å"broken English† or Tan’s mother’s communication style with her. Lastly is Tan’s own translation of her mother’s English which she described as â€Å"watered down† An impression that is distinctlyShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits of Bilingualism1605 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage and culture diversity have always been an intercontinental barrier in the past. Now, many people have learned to acquire other languages for them to destroy that barrier and also maybe to appreciate and learn other cultures that may one day help them towards becoming universal citizens. Some people have argued that these people, known as bilinguals, are tainting their respective cultures by learning a different language and learning other cultures. As a result, these bilinguals end up beingRead MoreThe Benefits of Bilingualism1596 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage and culture diversity have always been an intercontinental barrier in the past. Now, many people have learned to acquire other languages for them to destroy that barrier and also maybe to appreciate and learn other cultures that may one day help them towards becoming universal citizens. Some people have argued that these people, known as bilinguals, are tainting their respective cultures by learning a different language and learning other cultures. As a result, these bilinguals end up beingRead MoreIn A Country, Full Of Many Different Languages, Nationalities,1374 Words   |  6 Pagesof many different languages, nationalities, and cultures, it is known that many of them are in the process of learning the English language. Which isn’t an easy task. They not only learn to speak the language, but strive to learn to read the language. They deal with man struggles. However, there are many benefits. Those benefits include, but are not limited to, having a knowledge of diversity, a polycot brain, motivation and drive, and job opportunities. One benefit of becoming bilingual as a childRead MoreMy Experience With Becoming Bilingual937 Words   |  4 Pagesfell in love with the language and culture that we were learning about and wanted to experience it for myself. Every day we learned about the history of Spain and the lives of people living there now. For me, it is not enough to just read about it. This dream of going to study in Spain is something that I will never quit working towards. I know that if I want to be bilingual, going to Spain would be the perfect place to work on that challenge. Becoming bilingual is one of the greatest challenges IRead MoreLanguage Is The Best Choice For My Family Essay1317 Words   |  6 PagesWith each passing day of our lives we are faced with the realization that this world is ever shrinking. We encounter new neighbors from other countries, colleagues who speak more than one language, and friends of our children come from various walks of life and far away countries. It is evident that our own children need to be prepared for this global society in which they will travel as young adults sooner than we care to imagine. As a parent of three children and an educator of thousands I liveRead MoreEssay about Bilingual Education: Building Bridges2170 Words   |  9 PagesBilingual education, as an educational program, was initially promoted by educators in the seventies (Hunger of Memory 26) and since then has been a topic of many debates in America. Some argue that bilingual education only serves as a detriment to American culture. Others argue that bilingual education is beneficial to those who come to live in America and want to become a part of the culture, but lack proficiency in the English language. Two authors, who have each taken opposite sides of the debateRead MoreElements Of My Identity1396 Words   |  6 Pages A person’s identity is formed based on a variety of different factors. Every day, each individual on this planet is currently developing the elements of establishing an actual identity. An identity can be built through culture, family, friends, personal experiences, aspirat ions, interests, and even genetics! Some aspects tend to have a greater impact on creating a persons’ identity, and other aspects tend to have greater importance in a persons’ life than others. These factors are what make eachRead MoreBorderland Gloria Anzaldï ¿ ½a Feminist Analysis935 Words   |  4 Pagesextensive journey with the quest to inspire women and to advocate women right in a male governed the world. Gloria Anzaldà ºa and Maxine Kingston both scrutinize feminism in the framework of â€Å"Borderland: La Frontera: The New Mestiza† and â€Å"The Women Warrior† encouraging women to occupy a strong position in the post-colonial male led civilization. The author both traces the journey of women struggle to achieve rewarding role within the structure shaped by men. The alliance of different voice from disregardedRead MoreA Foreign Language Course : Beneficial For Ucsc Students1657 Words   |  7 PagesA Foreign Language Course: Beneficial for UCS C Students Most college-bound students in the United States require a foreign language study for a minimum of two years during high school in order to satisfy the A-G requirements which colleges glances over in college application so they can verify that the student’s subjects are academically challenging [6]. I ask, why does college require students a foreign language class to begin with, if once students arrive to college, university drop the foreignRead More`` Se Habla Espanol ``844 Words   |  4 Pagesisolated herself from the stereotype she constructed in her head. She was insulted to be called Mexican and to her speaking the Spanish language translated into being poor. She had felt superior to Latino waitresses and their maid when she told them that she didn’t speak Spanish. After the shift in society Barrientos wondered where she fit it since the Spanish language was the glue that held the new Latino American community together. Barrientos then set out on a difficult awkw ard journey to learn the

Post Concussion Syndrome Essay Example For Students

Post Concussion Syndrome Essay Post Concussion Syndrome Post-concussion syndrome is a complex disorder with symptoms can consist of headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and irritability that can last as little as a week and up to months after a head injury. The causes can be a traumatic blow to the head or neck injuries in which the patient does not have to lose consciousness. The effect of being injured can do permanent damaged to the brain and nervous system. Dealing with Post-concussion syndrome not only can have a physical effect, but a psychological one as well (Mayo clinic page 2). The cause of Post-concussion is still a mystery. Doctors sometimes have given the diagnosis of P.T.S. or Post traumatic stress syndrome and vice versa. According to the text, Mild Head Injury, â€Å"Many Investigators believed that 55% of male hospitalized patients and 61% of female hospitalized patients all had cases of mild head trauma.† Doctors also thought that the patient injuries had to be severe enough for them to lose conscious that can consist of posttraumatic amnesia or temporary loss of motor skills (Mild Head page 9). Sudden impacts to the head and neck areas and sport related injuries all can cause temporary or permanent effects to the brain. In most cases of post-concussion syndrome, the effects to the brain are temporary, but more severe cases can cause serious brain damaged. To diagnose the severity of the head injury falls under three categories, this is called the Glasgow Coma Scale or G.C.S. The range goes from 15 to 1 scale that has a minimal to permanent damaged levels (Mild Injury page 25). The more severe the concussion, the more damage to the brain and disruptions of the neurotransmitters that send messages to cerebellum which controls muscle tone and memory . .actors of life. This is what happens when you know something is wrong but you can’t describe the feeling. When you have to deal with reality there is no cure for day to day issues. Works cited Page Coon, Dennis. , and Mitterer, O. John, â€Å"Psychology a Journey Fourth Edition.† California: Wadsworth, 2008, 2011. Print. Levin, S. Harvey. Ed. Eisenberg, M. Howard. Ed. Benton, L. Author. â€Å"Mild Head Injury† New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Print. McCrea, A. Michael. â€Å"Mild Brain Injury and Post concussion Syndrome: The New Evidence Base for Diagnosis and Treatment† New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print. â€Å"Post-concussion syndrome† mayoclinic.com 22 May. 2010 http://www.mayclinic.com/health/post-concussion-syndrome/DS01020/METHOD=print â€Å"Post-concussion syndrome†Wikipedia.com 22 May. 2010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome

Comparison Paper of Child of the Americas by Aurora Levin Morales and What’s It Like to Be a Black Girl by Patricia Smith free essay sample

Running Heading: Comparison Paper of Child of the Americas and what it’s like to be a black girl. Comparison Paper of Child of the Americas and what it’s like to be a black girl. Patrice Moody ENG 125 Introductions to Literature Instructor: Duvan Arsola 08/09/2011 Comparison Paper of Child of the Americas by Aurora Levin Morales and what’s it like to be a Black Girl by Patricia Smith The literary works I will compare are â€Å"Child of the Americas† by Aurora Levin Morales and â€Å"What’s It like to be a Black Girl† by Patricia Smith. The works focus on the psyche of two women of African descent, plagued by the historical American public perceptions of their culture. These negative perceptions play an important part of the individual’s psyche due to prejudice. It has misconstrued and distorted the minds of these young African American girls. These poems show how two young girls from different American minority sub-cultures, view themselves in totally different perspectives. One of the young women wishes to identify with the culture and image of her African American ancestor’s slave owners; however the other wishes to embrace and celebrate her African Latino heritage. The poem, â€Å"What’s it like to be a Black Girl†, is a look into the mind of a black girl in a society that is fueled with racism and discrimination, both of race and gender. This person is transitioning from a young black girl into young black women and trying to accept her changing body. She has been taught to be ashamed of who she is, what she looks like, and where she comes from. She wants her features to look like those who are accepted in society. â€Å"It’s being 9 years old and feeling like you’re not finished,† writes Smith, â€Å"like your edges are wild, like there’s something, everything, wrong. (Smith, 4) What the poem is saying in this passage is this girl sees her body changing right in front of her eyes but she also sees herself as society sees her. She has been taught that what she looks like is wrong. When she says her edges are wild, she is talking about the changes her body is experiencing. The growth of her breasts and the area below that is starting to arouse her. She feels uncomfortable in her own skin. The society in which she lives is not willing to accept and embrace the person’s color. Poetry Explication An explanation in its purest form of â€Å"What it’s like to be a Black Girl (for those of you who aren’t)† by Patricia Smith, is just that, an explanation. From the first three syllables â€Å"First of all,† the author gives a sense of a story being told. She uses jagged sentence structure and strong forceful language to also show the reader the seriousness of her topic. Smiths poem gives the audience an insider’s view into a young black girl’s transition into black woman-hood at a time where both being a black girl and a black woman was not as Welch. Puberty is usually defined by the biological changes a young boy or girl’s body undertakes around the age of 9 up until about 14. â€Å"It’s being 9 years old and feeling like You’re not finished,† writes Smith, â€Å"like your edges are wild, like there’s something, everything, wrong. † (Smith, 4) These thoughts have run around the minds of almost every puberty stricken youngster. However, Smiths subject seems to also have the added pressures of a racially jagged society. This â€Å"black girl† she refers to in her poem is feeling the awkwardness of her newly changing body and the hope of something different and maybe better to come. The poem tells the story of a young black girl exploring and experiencing what it is to become a black woman in her changing social circle. â€Å"It’s dropping food coloring in your eyes to make them blue and suffering their burn in silence. It’s popping a bleached white mop head over the kinks of your hair and primping in front of the mirrors that deny your reflection. † (Smith, 9) The food coloring in her eyes, and the bleaching of her hair can only symbolize her need to grow into the more â€Å"accepted† form of society, the white skinned, blue eyed, blonde haired men and women of the 1950’s. Where for her, â€Å"it’s flame and fists and life according to Motown† (Smith, 17) meaning the sights and sounds of racial slurs and fighting, along with the rhythmic blues of Motown music. Just the transition of going from a girl to a woman is hard enough, without the added pressures of being accepted due to your hair, color of skin, and taste in music. Between â€Å"jumping double Dutch until your legs pop† and â€Å"growing tall and wearing a lot of white† (Smith, 14) the author also tells us how a young black girl tries to balance her newly formed body, with her still child-like mentality. Part of every young girl’s passage into woman hood includes a great white gown, which she wears on her wedding day. On that day, when she’s joined with a man, a chapter ends and a new one begins. Smith writes about â€Å"having a man reach out for you and caving in around his fingers† which gives the reader and inside look at the submissive mentality women were faced with during that era. Finally, this young black girl is now a woman. Throughout the poem the author has helped us to understand the transition from black girl to black woman. With Smiths’ attention to detail, â€Å"feeling like you’re not finished† (Smith, 2) and â€Å"growing tall and wearing a lot of white† (Smith, 14) the reader is able to follow the incredible changes, both biological and psychological. How did young black women feel toward the mid-1960? What sort of things did young girls think about during that period of change and progression? These, among others, are just some of the answered Smith explained in her poem. The explication or story is simply this: A young black girl’s exploration and experiences while becoming a grown black woman in an era of racial uncertainty